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Subject: Satellite TV Frequently Asked Questions List
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Summary: This posting contains a list of Frequently Asked
         Questions (and their answers) about TVRO (Television Receive
         only) Home satellite systems, and should be read by anyone
         interested in knowing more about Satellite systems.
X-Last-Updated: 1994/07/21
Originator: [e-mail]

Archive-name: Satellite-TV/FAQ
Last-modified: 1994/17/13

Copyright 1992, 1993, 1994, Gary Bourgois




USENET SATELLITE FAQ LIST
Frequently Asked Questions in rec.video.satellite / HOMESAT-L

Compiled and Edited by Gary Bourgois, WB8EOH
Send additions/further questions to [e-mail]

May be posted to other networks and individual systems provided it is not
edited or modified in any form.



DESTROY ALL PREVIOUS EDITIONS

                       Gary Bourgois, FAQ Author

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

                              Contents:

What do I need to receive Satellite TV?

Who should own a Satellite Receiver?

What types of things can I see with a satellite system that I might not
find on Cable or Broadcast TV?

How much will a satellite system cost me?

Where can I get a list of all the satellites and satellite channels?

Is there a good cheap book that will help me set up, align and repair my
satellite system?

In reference to a satellite communications system, what does a backhaul mean,
and what does it physically represent?

What about scrambling, isn't it all scrambled these days?

How much does it cost to "descramble" the scrambled channels?

Are the networks scrambled?

What channels will never be scrambled?

How do descramblers work?

Where can i get the plans to build a descrambler so I can watch for free

But what about the other scrambling systems used by broadcasters, how do
THEY work?

How small a dish can i use, and what is this DBS thing?

How can i know which NBA and NHL games are on the birds?

Can you watch more than one TV at the same time?

Can I receive international satellites on my dish?

What about this mysterious KU band?

What does it cost to add KU to my system?

How long does a satellite "last" and why do they get regularly replaced?

It is early Spring (Fall) and I was watching my satellite dish and the
picture got fuzzy and vanished.  What happened?

What is SCPC?

What are DATS and SEDATS Audio, and how can I receive them.

What digital information is available on satellite and how do I get it?

What is the best satellite system for me?

Isn't it difficult to install a satellite system?

My community has restrictive covenants and dishes are not allowed.
Is there anything I can do to install a dish?

I live on a wooded lot with lots of trees.  Is this a problem?

How can I subscribe to the HOMESAT mailing list, since I don't get netnews?

I have a question that was not on this list.  How do I get an answer?

Reference Section

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

WHAT EQUIPMENT DO I NEED TO RECEIVE SATELLITE TV?

A TVRO (TeleVision Receive Only) System consists of the following components:

   THE DISH

     This is the most visible component, a parabolic reflector which may
     consist of Solid Aluminum, Perforated Aluminum or WIRE MESH.  Dish
     sizes vary from small (3-4 feet KU BAND, EUROPE) all the way to
     16-20 Ft (USA Commercial C-BAND) with the average falling between
     7-12 ft, 10 ft being most common.  This device focuses the microwave
     signals coming from the satellites much as the mirror in a reflecting
     telescope concentrates the light from distant galaxies.


   THE MOUNT

     The most common type of dish mount is called a POLAR MOUNT, so named
     because it is oriented to coincide with the earth's axis, enabling
     it to "track" the satellites, which are spread out in geostationary
     orbit in a band of the sky called the "Clarke Belt", named after
     Arthur C. Clarke, who dreamed up the concept of geostationary
     communications satellites back in 1945.


     The mount is installed on a 3 inch pipe, which is sunk in concrete.
     Most (but not all) mounts require a 3.5" OD pole.  In most (but not all)
     cases this is a 3" ID pipe.  Schedule 40 works well, so does used "drill
     stem".  In many areas, this is available from salvage dealers at very
     reasonable prices.   (* OD refers to OUTER DIAMETER, ID refers to
     INNER DIAMETER)






   THE POSITIONER ARM (Actuator)

     A device containing a motor that is used to swing the satellite dish
     to allow it to focus on individual satellites, which may be as close
     to one another as 2 degrees of arc.  Actuator arms are most commonly found      in
     18- and 24-inch lengths (the longer the arm, the wider the arc that
     the dish can "see".)  In addition, a more expensive aiming mechanism,
     called a "horizon-to-horizon" actuator, is capable of more precise aiming
     (important on Ku band and closely-spaced satellites), as well as being
     able to see the entire satellite arc from your location.


   THE LNB

      This is the Little gizmo that amplifies the very weak signals from
      the dish, and also converts them to a more suitable band of
      frequencies.  LNB means LOW NOISE BLOCKCONVERTOR.  Older systems
      consisted of separate components:  LNA (Low Noise Amplifier) and a
      downconvertor which changed the received signals (3-4 GHz, or
      GIGAherz ....A GIGAHerz is one thousand megaHz....) to 70 Mhz.

      The "standard block" used today is 950 to 1450 Mhz.  Both C and
      KU band (while they input on vastly different frequencies) output
      on the 950 to 1450 Mhz block.  HOWEVER there are special consider-
      ations when dealing with KU (explained later)

    THE FEED ASSEMBLY

      The feedhorn acts as a microwave "funnel" if you want to think of
      it that way.  This device places the LNB at the focus of the dish,
      and is usually just called "the feed".  There are several different
      types of feeds.

         Single C band feed:  Contains ONE C band LNB.  A device called
         a POLAROTOR is located inside, which allows the reception of
         both vertically polarized and horizontally polarized channels.
         In general practice, the EVEN channels are on ONE polarity and
         the ODD channels are on the opposite polarity.  The actual
         polarity scheme depends on the satellite in question.

         Dual C band feed:  Allows the use of Two C band LNB's one for
         horizontal polarization and one for vertical.

         Dual Band Feed (C and KU):  Has two separate LNB's, one for C
         band and one for KU band.

         DUAL C band and single KU band feed: (There is at least one
         version of this type of feed.

       The most popular Dual Band feedhorns are the Chaparral CO-ROTOR II
       Gardiner and ADL, though there are others on the market.  While these
       are actually a compromise system, with some minor losses, in
       practice they work pretty well.


   SATELLITE CABLES

     This is a bundle of various wires and cables that run from the dish
     to the receiver, and consist of cables for the C and/or KU LNB's,
     Power to the LNB (Usually sent over the same COAXIAL CABLE) as well
     as power for the positioner arm, return signals for position readout,
     and control voltage for the polarotor.

     Power to actuator Arm (Two conductors)
     Return position readout from actuator (Two conductors)

     The position readout cable from the actuator to the actuator controller
     should have THREE conductors for the position sensor.  For pot sensors, one
     is for the tap, the other two are for the resistor.  For pulse sensors, one
     is ground, one is +5V, and the other is pulse input.  Not all arms require
     all three connections, but my scrounged Saginaw special has some nifty
     hall-effect gizmo that does require power to generate pulses.


     Power to polarotor (Two conductors)

     Polarotors come in two different varieties. The "old style" just used a 12V
     motor to rotate the probe.  Apply power, it moves.  Reverse polarity, it
     changes direction.  The new ones use a three wire connection.  One for +5V,
     one for ground, and one for "pulse".


     RG-6U cable (rather than the often-seen RG-59U) is the cable of choice
     for the higher frequencies of satellite TV.





   RECEIVER

     There are many receivers available by a number of manufacturers,
     both new and used.  The receiver takes the signal from the LNB
     and produces a TV picture from the wideband FM video, and also
     allows you to tune SUBCARRIER audio, which can provide many
     different audio only services such as MUSIC and TALK shows and
     even DATA TEXT reception.  Newer receivers work with the standard
     950-1450 mhz block that comes out of a standard LNB.  Older ones
     use a direct 70 MHZ feed and have an LNA (low noise amplifier) and
     downconvertor at the dish.  If you are on a budget, one of these
     older type receivers might be a good place to start, though most
     folks today use the more modern technology.

     Your receiver may also have a descrambler built in for decoding
     PAY services.  This type of receiver is called an IRD or
     Integrated Receiver Descrambler.  You need a descrambler for
     services like HBO and regular CABLE-TV type services (to be
     discussed later)

   DESCRAMBLER

     The DE-FACTO consumer descrambler is the VIDEOCIPHER system which
     is manufactured by General Instruments (G.I) in the USA.  There
     are stand-alone decoders still available.  However a major consider-
     ation is that at the present time, Descrambler technology is changing
     and older descramblers will not work under the new standards.  Beware
     when buying an IRD (INTEGRATED, RECEIVER DESCRAMBLER) that the
     unit can be upgraded to the new VC-II+
     and forthcoming VC-II+ RS (Renewable Security) if you plan on watching
     scrambled (Mostly Cable) services or Pay Per View movies and sports
     events.

     In Canada, the OAK-ORION system is another popular scrambling system,
     which is used by TELESAT CANADA on the ANIK (Canadian) satellites.
     These programs may NOT be subscribed to in the US Legally.  There ARE
     some USA programs transmitted with the OAK-ORION system, primarily
     Horse Racing and Hospital programming.  While it is LEGAL to own a
     OAK-ORION decoder, there are not enough services available in this
     format to warrant doing so.  Unless a person is a REAL horse racing
     nut, and even then, getting the decoder AUTHORIZED to descramble
     the horse races is questionable.

     There are other scrambling systems in use in Europe.

     In the USA, there has been a serious market for "pirate" or "chipped"
     decoders, which receive scrambled services without the payment of
     subscription fees.  This situation has lead to the change to the
     revised VC-II+ and forthcoming VC-II+ RS systems, which hope to
     thwart this piracy through the use of a renewable "credit card" type
     of chip system.  Of course, this technology costs the consumer
     additional money, on top of subscription fees that for the most part
     are higher than comparable cable prices.  Since the majority of the
     scrambled channels are owned by the cable TV conglomerates, who
     would prefer people subscribe to cable rather than view by satellite,
     the reasoning here is obvious.  For this reason, satellite TV
     popularity in the USA has declined.

     More about scrambling later in this FAQ list.



WHO SHOULD OWN A SATELLITE SYSTEM:

Most owners of Satellite TV systems these days fall into the following
categories:

         1.  Those who can not get cable due to isolated location.
         2.  Those who wish to receive programs not available on their
             local cable system.
         3.  People who desire the sharpest "blow you away" video picture
             possible (Studio Quality, far better than cable or over air)
             Or those who want DISCRETE stereo sound from channels or
             networks that are not carried in stereo in their local
             area.
         4.  News Junkies who want to see unedited news coverage from the
             source location, before it gets chopped up and packaged.
         5.  Experimenters and techy hobby types who enjoy tinkering.
         6.  Audiophiles who want to hear HUNDREDS of music services in
             superior quality.
         7.  Digital Information Junkies desiring info-text services.
         8.  Those who desire foreign Language programming.
         9.  Individuals who like to see certain TV shows BEFORE they
             are aired over the networks, often without commercials.
        10.  Those in search of additional programming, including pay per
             view movies.
        11.  SPORTS NUTS... There is more sports on satellite than any
             human being can STAND.  Virtually EVERY game of EVERY team
             is up there SOMEWHERE.... Much of it as "Backhauls" which
             are not scrambled, and often do not have commercials.
        12.  Those who want to watch programs earlier or later than seen on
             their local stations.  For example, on the West Coast you can
             watch David Letterman at 9:30 PM PST (or watch it at 3:30
             AM Eastern time on the Pacific feed).  If you see a music video
             you *really like* on the MTV Eastern feed, you can tape it 3
             hours later on the MTV Western feed.
        13.  Those who want to watch Gene Scott 24 hours a day.
        14.  RADIO NUTS.  With the proper additional equipment there are
             hundreds of additional audio services receivable, including
             AM and FM stations from major cities, TALK SHOWS, every
             kind of music imaginable, and very SPECIALIZED formats.  Some
             Satellite owners actually spend more time LISTENING to the
             signals on their dish than WATCHING.  (See the SCPC Paragraph
             further down this FAQ list for more info)

Just about everyone could find themselves in ONE of the above categories.


WHAT TYPES OF THINGS CAN I SEE WITH A SATELLITE SYSTEM THAT I MIGHT NOT
FIND ON CABLE BROADCAST TV OR DBS?

Live uncensored coverage of news feeds, with no anchor man or reporter,
just see the news as it happens before live cameras.  Major events like
the WACO debacle and the L.A. riots from multiple feed points, YOU select
the angle and shot you want to watch.

Teleconferences and meetings of various businesses and organizations, while
many of these are scrambled, quite a few are not.

Specialty and narrowcast shows, some examples include a 24 hour gold
prospecting channel, a channel for long haul truckers, etc.

College lectures and advanced courses, not just the simple brain dead stuff
of the Mind extension University, but REAL graduate level stuff, watch for
knowledge, or take the course for credit.

A full time channel from NASA, including complete 24 hour coverage of all
space missions, not just the launch and selected tidbits.  See space
experiments being performed, and just look out the window at the earth
revolving below.

Several channels of Canadian TV which is superior to American TV, also
Mexican TV, which includes first run movies in English with spanish
subtitles.  Unscrambled.

BBC TV Breakfast News, ITN news, News from Moscow TV, Paris TV (in French),
TV Madrid, German TV 24 hours a day, Italian TV, a channel of TV from the
Asian subcontinent which runs popular Indian and Pakistani films with no
commercial interruptions (Subscription required).  Portuguese TV, Japan TV, A
Greek Channel, Chinese TV, A channel for Eskimos (Inuit), Arab TV, and many
other international broadcasts.

1000 or so AUDIO channels, including every conceivable music format, 24 hour
BBC world service Radio in FM studio quality.  Talk shows, and relays of
local radio stations in many cities all across the USA.  Several channels of
reading services for the blind, with newspapers, magazines and books read
aloud.

More sports than a human could stand.  Every game in every sport is available
on at least one satellite channel.  Some sports like Baseball scramble games,
but the NHL does not scramble.  Pro and College sports, minor leagues,
Australian Football, World Cup Soccer, Stanley Cup Hockey.  Many games with
NO COMMERCIALS.  All the Auto Racing that a Car Nut could STAND...

Narrowcast Religious programming from smaller and minority faiths, including
Hindu, 7th Day Adventist (Three Channels), Scientology, and unusual sects of
Christian and non Christian beliefs.

Alternate Political views, even Nazi Programming, since FCC rules do not
apply to satellite broadcasting.  Right Wing, Left Wing, Wacky or wonderful,
Satellite TV is the only free thinking broadcasting outlet on the planet.

A talk network devoted to high tech electronics and communications.

New product rollouts and demonstrations designed for distributors and the
press.

Newsworthy and not so newsworthy Press Conferences in their entirety.

Court trials.

Horse and Dog Racing.

Every Lottery drawing in the country LIVE.

Previews of TV shows that may or may not make it to the networks.  Regular
Syndicated and network shows feed from the studios without the commercials,
up to a week before the official broadcast, sometimes the final broadcast
gets edited, Satellite viewers see the shows UNCUT.

Six separate channels of PBS programming.

"Other" not too common shows in the British and/or PBS arena can be found.
Shows like Eastenders, Upstairs/Downstairs,  and the Bravo Channels "Six
Wives of Henry VIII".  Or is it 8 wives of Henry 6th :)

A behind the scenes look at newsroom operations, listen to the reporters
discussing news stories BEFORE they start talking to the regular viewers.
See well known newscasters have tantrums live.  During the Russian Coup
Attempt, satellite owners had a 24 hour camera and microphone running on the
roof of a hotel in moscow, and we listened to the scuttlebutt, watched them
track down rumors, and saw them eating their lunch.

Crystal clean uplinks of special events (such as the recent CMA awards)
direct from the event, before commercials are added by the network.

Most of the programming mentioned is unscrambled (Free) and can be picked up
with any satellite system, including one you can put together yourself for
less than $500.


HOW MUCH WILL A SATELLITE SYSTEM COST ME?

You can pay upwards of $2,000 to $3,000 for a top of the line system
completely installed.  A brand new do it yourself system will run between
$800 and $1500, with $1200 about average.  HOWEVER, if you are
resourceful, you can set up a system for $200-$500 which will provide
decent pictures and hours of entertainment.  Several members of the net
have put together systems for less than $100, even FREE. My own first
system cost $40 complete.  It was primitive but was a start, and got me
hooked pretty quickly.

I have written an article called:  THE SCROUNGER'S GUIDE TO SATELLITE TV
Which details how to go about putting together a low budget (Under $500)
system that would include stereo audio and SCPC.  The article gives hints,
sources for used equipment, and recommended texts to help you assemble and
track the system. NOTE:  This is not a plug-and-play kind of thing, your
scrounged system will require EFFORT on your part, and it will take TIME
to assemble the various components.  You will INSTALL and SET UP all the
equipment yourself.  If you have a couple thousand dollars laying around,
you can pay a dealer for a complete system.  The SCROUNGER'S GUIDE is for
someone who does not mind putting forth TIME and EFFORT to achieve the goal
of a cheap system.  If you want this article, just ask for it by writing to
[e-mail] and requesting the SCROUNGER'S GUIDE.  NOTE:
You will get your reply by EMAIL.  Do not send me a postal address, except
under the guidelines that state how to receive things by postal mail, which
is outlined later in this FAQ.  I do not send Postal mail except to those
who have no net access, AND who pay for the costs of copying and mailing
the material.           ~~~


WHERE CAN I GET A LIST OF ALL THE SATELLITES AND SATELLITE CHANNELS?

There are Satellite TV guides available that have a partial listing of
what is in the sky, and these also include program listings for the
various regular program services.  You should be able to find at least
ONE of them at any news stand.  ORBIT and ONSAT are the two most widely
available guides.  ORBIT is a huge monthly book, and onsat is a weekly.
Satellite TV week also is a weekly in a tabloid format.

If you are just interested in knowing WHAT is up there, and desire a
comprehensive listing of ALL the satellites and Channels, there is no
finer list than the SOUTHSCANNER CHART, which is available here in
Homesat/rec.video.satellite every month.  If you can't wait, write for
your copy (It is huge, about 100 pages long if you PRINT it) and has
full information about every occupied transponder in the arc.

Write to Robert Smathers, the list author at:

[e-mail]


IS THERE A GOOD CHEAP BOOK THAT WILL HELP ME INSTALL, ALIGN AND REPAIR MY
SATELLITE SYSTEM?

Frank Baylin has written a very good reference book called:

"Install, Aim and Repair Your Satellite TV System"

This book is clearly written, and includes ALL the info you need to properly
tune up your dish, find the satellites, and get the best reception.  It also
will help you diagnose any problems that come along, and tells you what to
replace or tweek to get your reception back on the beam.  Lots of photographs
and diagrams, IDEAL for the beginner.

The book is $9.95 + $3 S/H from:

Universal Electronics Bookstore
4555 Groves Road, Suiye 12
Columbus, OH  43232




IN REFERENCE TO A SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM, WHAT DOES A BACKHAUL MEAN,
AND WHAT DOES IT PHYSICALLY REPRESENT??

Backhauls are signals sent from a remote location back to a network operating
center.  Usually, but not always on KU band, these are special events and
sports.  Since the commercials are usually added by the network, the backhaul
has no commercials, and you get to hear the announcers talk and see them play
with the video effects when the signal is not being broadcast to the world
(before, after the event and during commercial breaks).

What is needed at the backhaul site are cameras, microphones, audio and video
mixing and effects equipment, and an uplink transmitter and small dish to
send the signal to the satellite.

At the network operating center, there is a downlink (receive) dish, and
a receiver to pick up the signal, and pipe it into the audio and video chain
of the network so that it can be sent to those unlucky people who don't have
satellite dishes and have to watch these broadcasts on regular TV or Cable


WHAT ABOUT SCRAMBLING, ISN'T IT ALL SCRAMBLED THESE DAYS?

This is a common misconception.  While it is true that most of the CABLE
services are scrambled, many of us see this as a feature.  If you DO
desire HBO, THE DISCOVERY CHANNEL, ETC, you WILL need a[ descrambler, AND
a subscription to these services.  However, there are over 150 channels of
programming "In the clear" that is NOT scrambled, and many of these
provide a lot of entertainment and information.  It all depends on your
personal taste.  Most of the sporting events are not scrambled.  PBS is
not scrambled (Four separate feeds) and many other services are also
available free for the taking.  NOT to mention HUNDREDS of audio services.
There is more on satellite that you can get for FREE than you would ever
have time to watch.


HOW MUCH DOES IT COST TO "DESCRAMBLE" THE SCRAMBLED CHANNELS?

First you need a descrambler.  If you get a new system, most likely you
will get an IRD, which comes with the descrambler built in.  Just make
sure it WILL upgrade to the VC-II RS, and understand that this upgrade
may cost you additional money when this system is implemented. The
descrambler will add around $400 to the cost of your satellite system.
Next you need a subscription.  Movie channels will run you around $7 a
month or so, actually less than cable, but you do get taken for a bit of a
ride on the "generic" cable channels such as DISCOVERY, CNN, etc.  You can
not generally by one channel, certainly not at a reasonable cost.  Most
subscriptions to the "generic" cable channels (which does not include
premium/movie channels) will cost between $150-$300 a year above and
beyond the cost of the descrambler itself.  Some say this is why piracy
has flourished.  Piracy is illegal.  If caught with a pirate decoder, you
can be fined or jailed.  Certainly if you sell such equipment, you can
count on heavy fines, and jail time.  Piracy is not good for anyone.  Pay
for your subscription, or do like many of us on the net and watch ONLY
programming that is NOT scrambled.


WHAT IS THE BOTTOM LINE HERE?

You can buy channels in packages like cable TV, or ala carte.  The packages
are not necessarily a better deal.  If you don't ever watch 25% of the
channels in the package, you are probably better off buying ala carte.
You can also buy most channels on a monthly or annual basis.  You save 5
to 10% through annual purchases.

Price ranges for various channels:

Low rent cable channels (A&E, BRAVO, etc.)   $0.79 - 1.00/month
Network packages (Denver 5 or Primetime 24)  $4.00 - 5.00/month
Premium Channels (Disney, HBO, TMC, etc.)    $7.00 -10.00/month


ARE THE NETWORKS SCRAMBLED?

ABC is almost entirely scrambled, with some feeds in the clear.  NBC is
Presently totally unscrambled, as is FOX.  CBS is usually scrambled, but
they still have quite a bit in the clear.  The scrambling used
by the networks is such that you can not receive it with a home decoder.
Totally different methods are used.  CBS uses VIDEOCIPHER _ONE_ (completely
different than the VCII used in home systems).  ABC uses LEITCH for its
scrambled feeds.  Networks are scrambled to protect the affiliates.  Your
local station does not want you watching the network shows direct from
the birds with 400+ lines of resolution and discrete stereo sound, which
anyone would do given half a chance.  They want you to watch the LOCAL
commercials, so convinced the nets to scramble their feeds.  For those
who can not receive the networks over the air, the only choice is to
subscribe to NETLINK's DENVER FIVE package or The Atlantic Three or
PRIME TIME 24.

Interestingly, network NEWS feeds are usually in the clear!  If you are a
news hound, this will be GOOD news for YOU.

The PRIME TIME ENTERTAINMENT NETWORK (PTEN) backhauls its programs
several days before they are broadcast on the over the air TV channels.
These transmissions are in the clear, as are most SYNDICATED feeds.

PARAMOUNT feeds (Star Trek, Untouchables, Deep Space Nine) are not
scrambled.  Same with all other syndicated programming.


WHAT CHANNELS WILL NEVER BE SCRAMBLED?

For the foreseeable future, there should always be SOMETHING in the
clear, though with the conversion to digital transmission, a new
definition may be needed for "unencrypted digital transmission" which would be
available free, but would require a digital decoder.  Digital TV will be
the future, not only for satellite, but for cable and YES even broadcast
TV by the year 2000 or so. Raw feeds, backhauls, audio, etc. may never be
scrambled.  Gene Scott will probably never scramble.  The non cigar smoking
religion channels also won't.  And those few channels AIMED at home dish
owners won't scramble.  Usually when a new channel comes along, like the
SCI FI channel, it does not scramble right away, and some like the LEARNING
CHANNEL, COURT TV and CSPAN, though designed for cable have managed to
remain in the clear for years.  Shopping Channels will never scramble.

Some channels, NOT entrenched in cable, will not scramble.  There are
several channels which program for the "LOW POWER TV" market (Channel
America, Main Street TV, etc) and these are in the clear, and do have
some interesting programs.  CBC from Canada is not scrambled.  PBS will
always have at least ONE channel in the clear.  NASA SELECT does not
scramble their main channel, though, unfortunately, the "mission video"
contract channel began scrambling in the summer of 1992.

Audio feeds are not scrambled (Subcarrier, FM Squared, SCPC), though there
is more and more of a move to DATS (Digital Audio Transmission Service) which
can not be received by the home dish owner.  Yet.


HOW DO DESCRAMBLERS WORK?

Each VC-II+ has a unique ID number, which you give to programming services
to subscribe to a channel or package.  The programming service broadcasts
your ID number, and a special code that instructs your descrambler to work
when tuned to a subscribed channel.


I AM AN ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN, WHERE CAN I GET THE PLANS TO BUILD A
DESCRAMBLER SO I DON'T HAVE TO PAY TO WATCH SCRAMBLED CHANNELS?

or

WHERE CAN I BUY A DECODER SO I CAN WATCH ALL THE PAY CHANNELS FOR FREE?

    You would be amazed at how many times we receive this question,
    usually in EMAIL.  Most people who are not familiar with how
    scrambling works, wrongly assume it is some kind of a hardware
    circuit that can be constructed with components from the local
    Radio Shack.  BZZZZZZZZT  wrong answer.

    The present system used in the USA, and by most of the more secure
    video channels in Europe and elsewhere on the planet use a far more
    sophisticated system, one that is "addressable".  The current system
    employs what is called "sound in sync".  The audio portion of the
    program is encoded as little winky dots hidden in the sync pulses (the
    bars on the top or side of the screen that you do not normally see
    except when your set is misadjusted.  This digital encoding also allows
    them to say "DIGITAL SOUND" a nice buzzword.  The audio is a compandered
    15 bit system.  Some with "golden ears" find the sound raspy, but most
    folks can not tell the difference.

    The real reason the sound is digital is NOT to provide sound quality, but
    rather to insure that unauthorized reception is not all that easy, and
    a decoder can not be built from scratch.

    The scrambling system uses a dual decryption key system, and is based
    on the USA DES encryption standard (this is a military sensitive system,
    making export of VCII type decoders illegal).

    The scrambling method consists of:

         1.  The authorization center (in California) which creates the
             master datastream.  This datastream contains a digitally derived
             key based upon the serial number of EACH authorized decoder and
             a "Tier bit" for EACH channel it is authorized to receive
             (determined by PAYING for the service)

         2.  "SEED KEYS" in the receiver itself which are COMBINED with
             the other half of the key (transmitted by the authorization
             center) to then create the master key used to decode the audio
             and turn on the video descrambling circuit (The VIDEO is a
             simple matter to decode, as it is only video inversion and
             sync suppression).

But WAIT!  What about these pirated decoders that one can buy for about
$1000 that claim to give you all the channels free?  Didn't some electronic
genius BUILD them?

No.  What the pirates did was to create "clones" of the chips in one legal
decoder that they paid to have authorized.  They then removed the chips from
other legally purchased decoder boards, and put their "pirate chips" in their
place.  The result is that whatever the master parent box sees, so does all
it's clone child boxes.

The rub here is that:

      1.  The pirates, after making a few million dollars in sales from their
          clones, moved to the Caribbean, out of USA law.  At this time they
          also stopped paying for the subscription on their ONE legal decoder
          from whence all the clones are derived.  POOF.  All the clones go
          dead.

      2.  Other pirates, not as smart get caught by the FBI.  The FBI turns
          the serial numbers over to the authorization center.  POOF.  Same
          scenario.  All the clones go dead.

      3.  Some pirates were not caught.  Some clones still live.  HOWEVER,
          G.I. (the company who makes the decoders) CHANGES the scrambling
          system this fall to a totally new method.  POOF.  Etc.

Cloning is the main method of pirating the signals.  No one has EVER built a
VIDEOCIPHER descrambler from scratch.  The very technology employed requires
that the system co operate with the authorization codes transmitted along
with the TV signal.  There is no hardware way around this.  It is a software
scramble, requiring TWO halves of the code.

There is a second method of descrambling, which involves entering the other
half of the key MANUALLY with the keyboard.  This is called "WIZARD"
Technology.  However since the code changes every month, a new WIZARD Code
must be entered.  To obtain these codes, some pirates set up 900 type phone
numbers.  The FBI then gets a printout of everyone who calls.  POOF.

Recently, the programmers have taken to a new tactic to foil the
wizard code users.  Instead of monthly changes, they started changing the
codes every three days or so.  There was an unhappy side effect of some
LEGAL users and Cable Companies also losing their authorization, but we
can expect these tactics, called ECM, or Electronic Counter Measures to
continue.  We understand that this methodology HAS been successful in
discouraging some of the die hard pirates, finally convincing them to
get legal boxes.

Since HBO and Showtime finally dumpped the VC2 commercial Datastream in
October of 1993, pirate boxes just plain no longer work.

An older hack that no longer works was called the THREE MUSKETEER HACK.  (All
for one and one for all).  If a person subscribed to ONE channel, the
modified decoder chip then descrambled them ALL.  This one died a LONG time
ago.

GI Turned off all the old 032 boxes with an ECM (Electronic Counter
Measure) on March 15, 1993.

The VCII Decoders will ALL stop working soon.  Then to continue to receive
programming, you need a VCII+.  All LEGAL subscribers were supposed to
receive free upgrades.  Those with pirated decoders could not upgrade, and
lost their investment.  The VCII+ RS (Renewable Security) decoders have
already been delivered, one step of security above the VCII+.  The RS has a
little slot for a "smartcard" which will be sent to legal subscribers when
the pirates break the VCII+ code.  And DIGICIPHER decoders are already coming
on the market, which will be the NEXT kind of decoder on the market AFTER the
VCII+ RS.  You can't keep up with it if you don't have a legal subscription.

Scrambling is a fact of life.  It is not going to go away.  There are three
ways to play:

    1.  Pay for your subscription.  In the end this is the cheapest way to
        go if you MUST watch the couch potato type programming offered on
        scrambled channels.  Your $1000 pirate decoder can (and will) go
        dead on you, with NO recourse.

    2.  Just say NO to descrambling and watch the HUNDREDS of free and more
        interesting signals available.  Listen to the free audio services.
        Save LOTS of money.

    3.  Don't listen to what I have said and find a pirate decoder.  Enjoy
        it while it lasts, and hope that the FBI does not visit you.

PIRACY is a crime in the USA and in other countries.  Pirates are caught,
fined and in some cases jailed.  The justification for this is that the
scrambled signals are the property of the PROGRAMMERS.  If you watch without
paying you are stealing.  Some people try and justify piracy by saying the
signal comes on their property uninvited.  This argument, while it sounds
good does not hold up in court.

Scrambling remains a HOT issue in the industry.  Publications exist in the US
and elsewhere with news of various methods pirates use to steal programming.
You can join this underground if you want to.  Or you can purchase a legal
decoder, and hope that they continue to provide free upgrades with EACH change
in the scrambling technology (there are THREE more changes already known to be
coming to the USA scrambling scene).

However now at least you know.  You can't go to Radio Shack and get the parts
to make a descrambler for $15.  It is NOT that kind of a system.


BUT WHAT ABOUT THE SCRAMBLING SYSTEMS USED BY BROADCASTERS, HOW DO THESE
WORK?


There are a number of "other" scrambling systems used for analogue video
information.  These systems are used by broadcasters and closed circuit
channels, and not available to the home user.  We are often asked how
the scrambling systems work technically, so here is a brief course in
other scrambling systems:



1) BMAC  -  Used by AFRTS, Horse Racing Channels, KU band Hospitality
            premium channels, Private business feeds (IBM, ETC)


Very complex signal.  Multiplex Analogue Component.  The color info for the
line is sent as part of the line in video form.  Because of this, there is no
viewable video.  BMAC gives itself away by the "Shark's Teeth" look to it.
The audio is also hidden in the video signal.



2) Leitch  -  Used by ABC, Global (Canadian) and some sporting events.

The video is a line renumbering scheme.

The top 120 lines of the screen are put at the bottom and vice
versa, then they are renumbered in their respective half screens.  Very
distinctive (just look at ABC or GLOBAL to see it) .  Also uses phase
inversion every other line for the color information, which is why it looks
black and white.  The shuffling is done by a psuedo random algorithm, and
changes from field to field.

The color is lost because the horizontal sync is much narrower and so the
color burst is in the wrong place.

Audio is 4 level encrypted PCM in the area immediately after the narrow
Horizontal Sync pulse.  There are also usually analogue audio subcarriers.




3) OAK ORION   -  Used by CANCOM for the Canadian feeds, also now used by
                  North American Chinese Television on K2

Is Oak Orion like Oak sine wave used by some cable companies?

OAK sine wave and OAK orion are very different.  OAK ORION is more like
VIDEOCIPHER except that included in the OAK is an inversion bit (on one of
the lines in the vertical interval) that tell the descrambler to run normal
or inverted video.  The change from normal to inverted is somehow related to
scene changes, possibly by a trigger based on brightness level.  SOmetimes it
will stay in one mode for minutes before switching to the other mode
(positive or negative video)

OAK sine wave puts a big sinewave into a POSITIVE image and fools the
Horizontal sync, thus making the picture TEAR.  OAK SINEWAVE always has audio
in the clear.  OAK ORION has sound in sync just like Videocipher.


4) Videocipher ONE    -   Used by CBS and Major League Baseball

Generally the audio is in the clear, and it looks like you are looking
through a wavy watery screen.  VC-ONE uses variable psuedo random LINE DELAY
meaning that the beginning of each line of video occurs at a different part
of the scan line.  If you squint you can almost make out the picture.  The
color information is not exactly right, and the images seem darker than
normal also.  VC-ONE was the original system proposed for HBO by MACOM back
in the mid 1980's, but was not adopted due to the expense of the total
system.  ALL of these scrambling/descrambling systems are much more expensive
than Videocipher-II.  And all are fairly secure.  BMAC has been cracked by
pirates at least for the HOSPITALITY channels (Premium movies for Hotels),
but we expect that hole will eventually be plugged.  The cracked decoders
will not pick up other services, though.




ARE THERE ANY OTHER SCRAMBLING SYSTEMS?

There is another line renumbering system like Leitch, used for some sporting
events, but it does not recompute the line numbers, nor does it invert
the phase, so the colors are all there, and you can see things moving
quite well.  This is a much simpler system, but still very secure, and
impossible to watch.

TDF1 on the 27 degree Intelsat has the strangest scrambling system I have
ever seen.  They take a big box out of the center of the screen, and then
turn it UPSIDE DOWN and also BACKWARDS.  You can see everything, but you
have to turn your TV upside down or stand on your head.  Or watch a mirror
on the Ceiling!

(No I am not kidding, this transmission began in July of 1994)



OK I UNDERSTAND ALL THAT VCII+RS+BS+LSMFT STUFF...  BUT WHAT THE HECK IS
D I G I C I P H E R    AND WILL THIS CAUSE THE SKIES TO GO DARK?????????

There are alarmist types with agendas of their own who are jumping all over
the satellite talk programs preaching the gloom and doom of DIGICIPHER.  As
with all technology, there is forward motion, and satellite scrambling is no
exception.  There have now been THREE "Last Decoders You Will Ever Need" and
DIGICIPHER will be the next.  You can't stop it, it is already here.  At this
writing of the FAQ, HBO is already testing the technology, and PBS will be
using it on their KU feeds on T-401 by early 1995.

The skies are NOT going to go dark.  The programmers are NOT going to stop
offering their programming to subscribers.

Basically this new system is a video compression scheme, which can allow up
to 5 channels to occupy ONE transponder.  Is it an accident that there are
now 5 HBO services?  I don't think so, since HBO is already testing with ALL
their services on ONE DC Datastream.  There is already a receiver being
manufactured with the new decoder in place.

DIGICIPHER-2 uses MPEG2 video compression, which has been extensively tested,
and will become the industry standard, not only for satellite, but for CABLE
as well.  G.I. and AT&T are behind the hardware, and PBS and HBO have already
committed to it.  PBS has placed an order for 10,000 units to be placed at
schools, and T401 will have NUMEROUS educational feeds using the technology.

Those who bemoan the new technology have the same mind set that would have us
all listening to shellac phonograph records being played with steel needles.
Rather than cry about it, the smart thing to do is to accept it.  And buy
STOCK in G.I. instead of calling them the ENEMY.

Send EMAIL for transcripts of the interviews with Jim Shelton and Peter
Knowles regarding the future of digital TV.


WHAT DOES THE NEW DIGICIPHER TECHNOLOGY MEAN TO ME...  BOTTOM LINE.


If you now subscribe to HBO or any of the other scrambled services and just
got your new VCII+ RS unit, you can count on being able to enjoy it through to
the end of the warranty period (three years).  They won't turn off the VCII+
datastream next year REGARDLESS of what the DOOMSAYERS are saying.  They
can't.  The cable companies won't let them, and they would be in legal hot
water from many other entities if they did.

If you do not have a descrambler yet, and can live for the moment WITHOUT pay
services, WAITING is an option.  We will have a much better view of the
future by early 1995.  If you DO want to enjoy scrambled services NOW, a VCII+
can be a worthy investment, especially with the reductions in subscription
prices that are FINALLY starting to take place.  A VCII+ board can be had for
$399 or so.

Programmers also have bundled packages that include the
VCII+ RS descrambler.  Go for it if you want to be a REAL couch potato.  All
the VCII+ signals are now on ONE end of the arc, and jumping from bird to
bird is VERY FAST now, almost as fast as CABLE channel flipping.

SOMETHING TO KNOW:  DIGICIPHER uses a completely different modulation scheme.
As we understand it, there will be no such thing as a Digicipher "Module", as
in Videocipher.  You will have to buy a completely new receiver, called an
IRT or Integrated receiver Transcoder.  While there was initially some talk
of a possible stand alone front end receiver, I would not hold my breath.  I
would begin saving.  Figure that a DIGICIPHER receiver will be a High End
device, priced around $1,500 to $2,000.


In any case, you can't fight it.  So instead, LOOK FORWARD to DIGICIPHER.
It will bring MANY NEW CHANNELS to us, and in the long run will be a good
thing.

Something else to know:  There are at Two different kinds of
DIGICIPHER, PBS will use Digicipher ONE initially but will go to Digicipher
TWO when it becomes available.  Digicipher TWO receivers will receive BOTH
formats, as well as the older VIDEOCIPHER, which is good news.  This new
receiver will thus bring you ALL the available subscription programming.

Eventually it will all shake
down.  PBS tells us they will eventually go to the standard Digicipher II,
by 1995, and the feeds will be available free to home dish owners with the
proper equipment.  These feeds are on the KU band, but PBS also maintains
a channel on Telstar 401 called Schedule X, which is totally unscrambled
and is transmitted JUST for the home dish owners.


HOW SMALL A DISH CAN I USE, AND WHAT IS THIS DBS THING?

While many of us dream of the BIGGEST dish possible, for some reason I can
not fully comprehend (except that it has to do with Wives and Neighbors) some
folks want a teensy tiny dish.  Obviously a small dish will not bring you the
joys of the chase, or the WIDE variety of things those of us with full
capability systems enjoy, but as they say, different strokes for different
folks.

For C band, a 7 foot dish will give very useful performance these days.  If
you are primarily interested in just cable type stuff, a 4 or 5 foot dish
will bring you reasonable reception on some of the more powerful C band
satellites (Like G5, home of the SCI FI CHANNEL) and a 3 footer will bring in
some of the more powerful KU satellites.  A caller to my Friday Night Live
Satellite Talk Show said he was listening on a 2 foot dish.

BUT even smaller dishes are on the horizon.  A new venture featuring
120 watt transponders from a fixed location has started  operation.  This new
service called DirectTV is backed by Hughes-Thompson-RCA, and will probably
succeed where SKYPIX did not.  The system employs an 18 inch dish, and a
special addressable receiver.  This receiver will NOT receive other
satellites, ONLY the one fixed system it is designed for.  It will be fully
addressable, AND basically DirectTV will be nothing more than a CABLE COMPANY
IN THE SKY.  Your receiver won't work if you don't pay the monthly bill,
which will could run you MORE than cable depending on your options.
Pay Per View movies will also be available, probably for $4 each or there-
abouts.  The hardware will cost you between $700 to over $1000 just to have
the priviledge of PAYING for EVERYTHING YOU WATCH.  You can scrounge a
TVRO (big dish) system for the same or less, and see PLENTY of FREE stuff.

For some people, though, DBS will be just the thing they have been waiting
for, especially those who can not get cable and WANT cable.  These folks will
see the costs as justified, and won't mind dealing with only ONE source.
However, one thing to bear in mind.  For now, DBS is a monopoly.  It will not
be compatible with any other system, including all the millions of dishes and
receivers already in place.

Remember, if you can tolerate a larger dish, you can receive over 200 video
and HUNDREDS of audio channels for FREE, no monthly charge.  We personally
feel this is a greater value, and if you DO want premium or pay programming
it is ALL available already NOW with a conventional satellite system, which
can be had for very little money when you come right down to it.

Still, we do believe that DirectTV will probably be a big hit.  In Europe, the
ASTRA satellite system has revolutionized the distribution of TV shows.
Cable did not have a very strong foothold there in most countries, and there
are thousands of ASTRA systems being sold every month.  We expect this will
happen in the USA as well.  What it means to the present satellite industry
remains to be seen, but we know this much:  Nothing stays the same especially
when it comes to SATELLITE TV.


For more information about DBS, get the DBS FAQ.  It is available from:

Rich Peterson <[e-mail]>

It is also regularly posted to rec.video.satellite/HOMESAT-L

This FAQ discusses the new and forthcoming DBS systems, primarily DirectTV.
You will find it very informative.




HOW CAN I KNOW WHICH NBA AND NHL GAMES ARE ON THE BIRDS?

There is a schedule, put out by

    Sports Scheduling
    P.O. Box 5756
    Fargo, ND 58105

When a local station or sports network has a game there is usually a
"Backhaul" (direct feed from the event back to the studio, if the game is
out of town from the originating station. (Otherwise they don't need a
bird).  Now some of these satellite channels are known in advance, for
example the games broadcast on the superstations like WTBS or the various
SportsChannels.  This is *not* the case, however, for the "feeds" from the
arenas back to the local broadcast station.  These feeds are paid for by
the hour, and (usually) the cheapest or most convenient satellite and
transponder are utilized, so it's not generally possible to predict in
advance exactly what satellite "channel" will be used for a given game.
Mike Northam regularly posts the games that he sees in Oregon, AFTER the
fact.  Some wonder what value there is in this.

Mike says:

>My listings, taken over time, however, do show patterns.  For example, I
>know from experience that if I want to see a Blazer game, the *most
>likely* location for a feed is on G6.  So far this season, all the Blazer
>Cable games have been on G6-14, so that's going to be the first place I
>look for a game.  Most of the Utah Jazz games have been on G6 or T1.  The
>Bulls tend to be on G2, etc.  When Portland plays at Utah, I'll look on
>G6, since a lot of Bonneville (Salt Lake uplink) transmissions are found
>there.  Most NBA cities similarly have "preferred" locations, either due
>to limitations/preferences of the transmitting uplink or the downlink
>(for example, KSTU in Salt Lake City may have only one fixed dish
>available for such purposes).

NOTE:  In 1994, the NFL announced that it will scramble.  Feeds for FOX and
NBC will likely no longer be available, and of course CBS lost the NFL, so
FOOTBALL is up in the air at the moment.  When we know more, this section
will be revised.  A "Season Ticket" will be available for $139.00 to
subscribers.  The NFL feeds will be seen on the Telstar 303 satellite.
They will be shown on the same transponders used for TVN Pay Per View
Movies.



CAN YOU WATCH MORE THAN ONE TV AT THE SAME TIME?

In a single LNB, single receiver system, you can watch a single channel
on multiple Tvs, if you have cabled from your receiver to each TV.  It
is not possible to watch different channels with this system.  To watch
different channels you need DUAL LNB's for C and DUAL LNB's for KU.
You will also need a separate receiver for each location, and a fairly
complex means of splitting and distributing the incoming cables.  It
can be done, cable companies do it all the time, but it is probably not
worth the effort, especially if you want to view subscription channels
because the bad news is you will need to pay another subscription for
EACH LOCATION.  That can be expensive.  However, having at least two
receivers is not a bad idea, and fairly easy to do.  However, you can
only watch signals on ONE satellite at a time doing this.  One alternative
is to RECORD programs ahead of time for viewing by others in the family.
In this case having a couple of receivers, a couple VCR's and splitting
subscription channels between the two will let you build up a nice
collection of tapes in no time.  Once the family is really sold on the
dish, it will not be hard to convince them you need ANOTHER one.  Or two or
three.


CAN I RECEIVE INTERNATIONAL SATELLITES ON MY DISH?

This depends on where you live, what size dish you have, and how low you can
"aim" your dish to the horizon.  Playing with the Intelsats, Panamsat, and
the Russian Statsionar birds is something that folks on the East coast of the
USA do all the time.  You should have a LARGE dish though, 16 to 20 feet to
really do the job, though people HAVE picked up signals with dishes as small
as 7 1/2 feet from as far west as Minnesota.  With the average 10 to 12 foot
dish you may do just fine.  To receive the signals, you will need a few
modifications to your system.  You will need a circular feed, as unlike
Domestic USA birds that are Horizontally or Vertically polarized,
International satellites use Right Hand, or Left Hand Circular Polarization.
If you have a monster dish, you can get by without the proper feed, but you
will loose at least 3 to 5 db of signal.  Chaparral makes a special feed for
international satellites, at a cost of around $325. As an alternative, there
is a plastic insert you can obtain that will convert your feed to circular.
This item is quite cheap, about $20.

International birds have a LOW look angle, very close to the horizon, so a
horizon to horizon mount is recommended if you are serious about receiving
foreign programming.  The AJAX H/H mount is a worthy investment.  You will
also need a multistandard TV, or some means of viewing PAL and SECAM signals,
which are different from the NTSC system used in the USA. If you don't mind
black and white, though, a B&W TV is easily adjusted to pick up the European
signals, and is suitable for the experimenter and tinkerer.  The Panasonic
AG-W1 VCR has a built in standards convertor, which will allow you not only
to view these international channels, but also to record them (you can not
use your USA VCR to record PAL or SECAM signals).  Much of the international
stuff is on KU band, and the European KU band is different than the American
band, so you need a frequency agile receiver, and the ability to store and
program the various frequencies.  Even the C band signals are not quite the
same channels as a domestic satellite receiver expects, so you may have to
adjust your video fine tune to receive them.  This aspect of the hobby is
exciting, and if you are interested in NEWS events LIVE, or cultural variety
the cost is minimal.  While the east coast is the place to be for the best
international reception, good signals can be picked up on intelsats in the
midwest using a 10 foot dish.  There is limited access to Pacific Satellites
on the west coast.


WHAT ABOUT THIS MYSTERIOUS KU BAND?

Ku band satellites don't require as large a dish to receive, some have 32
transponders instead of the 24 on C band.  The true satellite junkie will
want KU because "it is there".  In addition, there is talk of more and
more transmissions on this band.  SBS6, for example is one busy bird, with
MANY sports and newsfeeds.  KU offers a LOT to those who want to
experiment and explore.  G4 and G7 have beautiful KU signals, and if you
live in the Northern USA, there is some very interesting stuff on the ANIK
satellites on KU band.

Ku band satellites are harder to tune than C band, often requiring extensive
manual adjustments.  Ku is also more weather sensitive. Ku programming
services are not as well documented as C band.  On a larger dish (like a 10
footer) the KU signals are as narrow as a laser beam.  One brief touch of the
actuator and the signal is gone.  GETTING it in the first place (tracking) is
not a job for the faint of heart.  HOWEVER if you have your dish tracked for
the KU band, it will be DEAD ON for C band.

PBS is now on KU, and ABC also has feeds there, both on the
T-401 Satellite.  This could be the push that gets many folks to upgrade
to KU.

NBC feeds all its programming on K2, a KU satellite.  The NBC programming is
all in the clear, though there are rumors they may scramble.

With the loss of the ANIK E2 satellite (To be restored in mid 1994 they
tell us)  MANY Canadian services have moved to KU band on the E1 bird.

KU is also the place to look for NEWS and SPORTS feeds, and backhauls of all
sorts.  International type programming (Chinese, Russian, Japanese language)
and many educational feeds are all up there.  For the died in the wool dish
head, KU is where it is at.


WHAT DOES IT COST TO ADD KU TO MY SYSTEM?

If your dish is KU compatible (some mesh dishes are not) all you need
to add OUTSIDE is a DUAL BAND FEED, such as the COROTOR II, and an
additional KU LNB.  The cost for this will be between $200 and $300
depending on where you buy, and how sensitive your KU LNB will be.

To tell if your mesh dish will work on KU measure the size of the holes or
openings in the mesh.  If they are greater than 1/4 inch, you won't get good
KU reception.

KU LNB's are measured in DB, rather than degrees Kelvin (as C band LNB's
are measured).  .7 DB is considered good.  2.0 is considered junky, though
you can probably find a 2.0 db KU LNB pretty cheap, and it CAN give
acceptable signals on MOST birds, and might be a good place to start if
you find one used.

You obviously will ALSO need a receiver that can tune KU band.  Most
newer receivers can.

There is also a device called the UST-55 KU convertor which was made
by UNIDEN.  These are sometimes still available from various dealers
at a reasonable price.  The convertor does two things.  It INVERTS the
video (KU video is inverted compared to C band) and it adds a fine
tuning control to allow compressing 32 channels into 24 channels.

There is no real standard for KU channel layout as there are in the C
band.  Various receivers number the channels differently.

Tracking your dish for KU is more difficult.  The beamwidth is much
narrower, and everything is more critical.  If you get your system to
track well in the KU band, your C band reception will be perfect.


HOW LONG DOES A SATELLITE "LAST" AND WHY DO THEY GET REGULARLY REPLACED?

The average lifespan for a communications satellite is about 10 years.  While
the electronics inside the satellite can last many many years, the
determining factor is the "station keeping fuel".  Satellites only "appear to
be stationary because of their location in the Clarke Belt, in reality they
are whirring about the planet, and their orbits become eccentric if left
alone.  So each satellite has small rockets on board to regularly adjust
the orbit of the bird.  After 10 years this fuel runs out, and the satellite
can no longer be adjusted with respect to its position.  This causes the
satellite to start to appear to "wobble" up and down in the orbital plane,
and eventually become unusable.  Before this happens, a replacement bird
is launched, and the old satellite is unceremoniously "kicked" up into a
higher "parking" orbit.  While it is a nice thought that some day a
space salvage company could go up there and refuel all those old birds,
it is unlikely, and the rapid changes in technology make the older low
power satellites nothing more than curious antiques.


IT IS EARLY SPRING (FALL) AND I WAS WATCHING MY SATELLITE DISH AND
THE PICTURE GOT WEAKER AND THEN VANISHED FOR 20 MINUTES.  IS MY SYSTEM
BROKEN?

No.  You have just experienced the twice yearly Solar Transit Event.  This
occurs when the sun, which emanates a very strong amount of microwave energy
is in line with the Clarke Belt where the satellites live, and your dish.
This is incorrectly called "SUNSPOTS" even by people who should know better
(TV station engineers and the like).  It only lasts a week or so, and affects
EVERY satellite in the arc moving from east to west.  It affects EVERYONE who
uses satellites, including the Cable Companies, TV and radio stations.  Cable
channels will wink out, Radio programs will be replaced by music, and TV
stations have to carefully record shows in the middle of the night to play
back during the day so viewers won't know there is a problem.

You CAN use this problem as a tool though.  This is a great way to do a poor
man's site survey.  Just go to where you plan to install a satellite dish,
and sit there all day and watch the sun.  If it goes behind trees, you will
know there won't be good reception of some of the satellites.  If all day
long the sun is unobscured, then you know there will be a great location for
a dish.



WHAT IS SCPC?

SCPC (Single Channel Per Carrier) is a method of transmitting audio
over satellite.  Primarily this is a service for Radio Stations, and
is not meant for the general public.  This alone makes it fascinating
to receive.  There are hundreds of SCPC channels in use.  Radio
Networks, Sportscasts, Music services, talk shows, all are heard on
SCPC, as well as major market radio stations.  SCPC can be received
with a special receiver, and there are a number of "tricks" that
netters have used to pick up these signals, which can not normally
be received on consumer satellite receivers.  If one has a satellite
receiver that has a "70 MHZ LOOP", a cheap TV band Radio can be used
to tune SCPC.  While it is also possible to use SOME scanners that
tune the 70 mhz loop (such as the RADIO SHACK PRO-2006) the results
are very poor.  The TV radio actually sounds MUCH better.  The reason
for this is due to the "step" frequencies of the scanner.  With SCPC
the main problem encountered is one of BANDWIDTH.  SCPC signals can
be found as narrow as 50 KHz bandwidth to as wide as 150 or more.
By comparison, The TV band radio receives approximately 75 KHz bandwidth
and a normal scanner in narrow mode receives 5 KHz.  For this reason,
a standard scanner will not give a listenable signal, even if it is
modified to tune the 70 MHZ loop.

Some receivers, with VIDEO FINE TUNE can be used to shift the 70 MHz
IF band UP to the low end of the REGULAR FM band.  This can give
fair results, though usually the entire SCPC spectrum can not be tuned
this way.

For satellite receivers that do NOT have a 70 mhz loop, it is necessary
to use a DEDICATED receiver that can tune the 950-1450 mhz band.
The ICOM 7000, 7100, and 9000 have this capability, though they are
quite expensive.  The less expensive (~ $600 ) ICOM R-100 is an
extremely wideband receiver which tunes from 100 KHz to 1800 MHz.  This
includes the whole 950-1450 block, so it can tune direct signals from
the LNB.  To connect the R-100 or a similar receiver, one uses a DC
BLOCK SPLITTER.  The isolated side goes to the R-100, and the other
side goes to the Sat Receiver, which is necessary to power the LNB.
The R-100 is very desirable because it also tunes Standard Subcarrier
(available through the RAW VIDEO Jack on your sat receiver) as well
as FM SQUARED audio.  It also is a nice public service scanner, and
SHORTWAVE receiver.  This one radio does it all AND it doubles on sax.

There are two DEDICATED SCPC receivers.  The simpler HEIL SC-ONE, which
features analogue tuning and sells for around $450.  The newer UNIVERSAL
SC-100 features 50 memories, digital readout and a built in amplifier.

BOTH these receivers lack MULTIPLE bandwidths, which mean they do not
give perfect reception of all SCPC signals.

Also, SCPC signals are compressed on a 3 to 1 DBX encoding, which
means reception is lacking in dynamic range unless a suitable
decompression scheme is used.

There is no PERFECT consumer SCPC reception system, but the above
methods DO work, and can provide a lot of enjoyment AND the reception
of several hundred new signals.

Author note:  A detailed discussion of audio subcarriers is available
in a written transcript of a recent radio show I did regarding the
various methods of tuning satellite audio.  Write if interested in a
copy of this transcript.  Also, a listing of SCPC audio stations is
available as part of Robert Smathers' SOUTHSCANNER CHART, regularly posted
to the rec.video.satellite / HOMESAT lists.

I have also written an SCPC FAQ, which contains much of the information you
have just read, with some additional information, it is available by writing
me at the address in the header of this FAQ.


WHAT ARE DATS AND SEDATS AUDIO, AND HOW CAN I RECEIVE THEM.

DATS is Digital Audio Transmission System, and SEDATS is Spectrum Efficient
Digital Audio Transmission System, which are replacing SCPC for many
national services.  All the Major networks, CBS, NBC, ABC, MUTUAL and
quite a number of syndicators (Howard Stern, etc) are now on DATS and
SEDATS.  These signals are primarily on the Aurora (C5) Satellite.  There
is no home DATS or SEDATS receiver, and no known experimenter project
for receiving this audio.  We understand that the manufacturers of these
receivers WILL sell them to anyone, including home dish owners, but
the $4000 price tag for a mono audio only receiver has thus far placed
this technology out of reach for 99.9% of the audio experimenters we know.


WHAT DIGITAL INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE ON SATELLITE AND HOW DO I GET IT?

There are a number of different text information services available
via satellite, some requiring no subscription fee, and others that
are pay services.

       WST = World System Teletext.  This system is very popular in
       Europe and is also available in the USA.  Teletext reception
       requires you add a teletext decoder, a device that costs less
       than $300, and connects between your satellite receiver and
       TV set.  The information is displayed as text on your TV screen,
       so no computer or other device is needed.  Information includes
       News Stories, Sports Scores, Trivia and other features.  The
       data is transmitted in the Vertical Blanking Interval of
       Shop at home (G3/17), which is in the clear, so you do not
       need to subscribe.  Some other channels may have some teletext
       but this is the best one.  There is also a card that you can
       put in your PC to decode WST teletext, also sold by SHOP AT HOME
       for $199, and it also will pick up stock quotes for free.

       WST Decoders are also available from Astro Guard Industries,
       340 A Rancheros Road, San Marcos CA 92069.

       SHOP AT HOME
       1-800-366-4010.

       X*PRESS X*CHANGE.  By far the most comprehensive source of
       text news is X*PRESS.  This service links you into all the major
       world NEWS WIRE services:  AP, UPI, REUTERS, TASS and many
       others.  To take advantage of this amazing service, you must
       have a computer just to sort the incoming data for you.  X*PRESS
       allows you to select articles based upon key word search.
       This is a subscription service, and is not cheap.  Expect to
       pay $30 per month for the service.  You will also need an
       INFOCIPHER decoder.  Computers supported include PC clones,
       Macintosh, ATARI ST, APPLE II.  A new PC software package was
       released in June of 1993 for MS/DOS machines which addresses
       problems of earlier versions.

       Full information on X*PRESS X*CHANGE service can be had by dialing
       1-800-7PC-NEWS.  The fee is reasonable considering the amount
       of data available.  The total news junkie will love it.  This
       service is transmitted on Galaxy 5.


       SKYLINK.  This is also a service available for the home TVRO
       user, and offers downloads and some text information and TV
       schedules.  Reception requires the purchase of a $150 box, and
       payment of a yearly $90 fee.  The main appeal of this service
       is access to a HUGE array of public domain and shareware programs
       for MSDOS compatible computers.  There are also weather maps and
       other services.  The Shop-At-Home TV service operate SKYLINK, and
       market the box and the subscriptions.  The data is fed on an audio
       subcarrier of their home shopping network service on G3/17.

       For more information on SKYLINK call 1-800-544-6694.




In addition to these services directed at the home user, there are digital
signals all over the sky, but these are commercial services, using
proprietary encoding systems, and are directed at commercial users, which
are either too costly for the home user to subscribe to, or not available
at any price.  Experimenters occasionally manage to figure out ways to
tap into these systems, but such discussions are beyond the scope of the
FAQ.  If interested in such things, we recommend Tom Harrington's popular
book:  THE HIDDEN SIGNALS ON SATELLITE TV, even though much of the infor-
mation in the book is a bit out of date.

There is a movement currently to put USENET on satellite as a free service
for the TVRO community.  The project needs help from people willing to assist
in writing software, etc.  If you are interested, there is a mailing list for
the project.  Do not subscribe out of idle curiosity, but only if you wish to
be involved in the project or have a deep interest and will not just read a
few days and then want to cancel the list.




USENET-SAT Listserv is set up for all interested parties.

to join send message to :

[e-mail]

in body of message put in

SUBSCRIBE USENET-SAT

you will get a confirming message back as soon as the listserv
processes your message.

Now to send mail to anyone on the list address message to

[e-mail]

it will be broadcast to everybody on the list






WHAT IS THE BEST SATELLITE SYSTEM FOR ME?

We often receive this question, and it is not an easy one to answer.
this depends on what YOU want.  We recommend you go to a reputable
local satellite dealer, and LOOK at the systems on display.  Do not buy
the first system you are shown, and if you are not sure exactly what
you want, do not be pressured into buying immediately.  The system will
be there tomorrow AND the next day.  You CAN save a LOT of money buying
mail order, but you will have to install the system yourself.  By
looking at the types of receivers/dishes available, you will get
familiar with what Satellite TV is all about. There are advantages and
disadvantages with virtually EVERY receiver on the market, so there is
no blanket answer to which system is the best for YOU.  We suggest you
spend a LOT of time looking at all the available systems out there.  A
good place to start is in your YELLOW PAGES under SATELLITE TV.  Visit
as many dealers as you can. You may still decide on mail ordering a
system, there is no law that says you HAVE to buy from the local guy.
Unless you want a totally installed system.  Even so SHOP AROUND.
Beware high pressure tactics to buy every bell and whistle available.


ISN'T IT DIFFICULT TO INSTALL A SATELLITE SYSTEM?

You and a couple of friends can assemble, install and track your
satellite system in one day, even if you know NOTHING about the
technology involved.  You need only know how to dig a hole, pour
concrete, and put a pipe into the concrete and get it plumb.  There are
many books on the topic of satellite TV that can help you, which should
be available on loan from your library. Doing it yourself will save you
around $500.  However, if you don't mind spending the additional money,
your local dealer will be glad to set your system up so you can just
sit back and push the buttons on the remote control.  This is up to
you.  Some people do not like to tinker and tweak.  A do it yourself
system can take some time before you are satisfied with it.


MY COMMUNITY HAS RESTRICTIVE COVENANTS AND DISHES ARE NOT ALLOWED.
IS THERE ANYTHING I CAN DO TO WATCH SATELLITE TV?

There are a number of things you can do depending on your resourcefulness,
and also how much you are willing to invest.  First, federal law takes
precedence here.  The LEGAL fact is, your community can NOT restrict you
from installing a satellite dish.  If you take them to court, you will win,
but, of course, you have to hire an attorney and the fight will add $5,000 or
so to the price of your system, UNLESS you can scare them by showing them the
fact that the courts MUST side with the dish owner.  It would cost you about
HALF that price to get an FCC TVRO receiving license (Yes they are still
issued), and as a legally licensed receive station you can also bring the
government into play.  You can scare them by showing them legal briefs that
show how the cities always lose, and THEN have to pay YOUR legal fees.

If you wish to take the legal avenue, get the help of ASTA, the American
Satellite TV Alliance.  They have a very good legal package which can help you
put a case together to get your dish.  The federal law in question is:


Code of Federal Regulations 25.104 is titled "Preemption of local zoning
of earth stations" and is reproduced below in entirety:

"State and local zoning or other regulations that differentiate between
satellite receive-only antennas and other types of antenna facilities are
preempted unless such regulations:  (a) Have a reasonable and clearly
defined health, safety or aesthetic objective; and  (b) Do not operate to
impose unreasonable limitations on, or prevent, reception of satellite
delivered signals by receive-only antennas or to impose costs on the
users of such antennas that are excessive in light of the purchase and
installation cost of the equipment.  Regulation of satellite transmitting
antennas is preempted in the same manner except that state and local
health and safety regulation is not preempted."
83 Am Jur 2d sec. 488 is entitled "Radio and television towers and
antennas; satellite dishes" and includes the following:
"In order to regulate satellite antennas and avoid a federal preemption,
the local ordinance must not differentiate between satellite antennas and
other types of antenna facilities (L.I.M.A. Partners v. Northvale, 219 NJ
Super 512, 530 A2d 839). The First Amendment right to receive
information via a satellite dish is a relative right which may be
outweighed by important governmental interests, such as the protection
of community aesthetics (Decker v Plantation (SD Fla) 706 F Supp 851).
Thus, an owner who was denied a special permit required by local
zoning ordinance to erect a satellite dish in his front yard did not have
his rights to due process or equal protection violated, where 16 permits
had been issued, all for backyard erection of satellite dishes, properly
screened to maintain the aesthetics of the community (Decker v
Plantation (SD Fla) 706 F Supp 851). An ordinance governing amateur
radio antennas does not deprive a homeowner of equal protection on
the grounds that it discriminates in favor of satellite dish communication
(Bulchis v Edmonds (WD Wash) 671 F Supp 1270).
"A 12-foot by 12-foot antenna, attached to the ground by concrete and
angle irons, is a "structure" as that term is employed in an ordinance
which prohibits structures in required front yard space (Gouge v.
Snellville, 249 Ga 91, 287 SE2d 539). "

The preceding was typed to the net by Pravin K. Mishra, Ph.D.

You can get a package of information from ASTA for about $25. Call ASTA
for more information on their material at 914-997-8192.   I used this
package to successfully defend my own dish installation, which is 26 feet
high, attached to a huge platform structure made just for the dish.  Nothing
like this previously existed in my city, and they wanted me to get a
variance.  With the ASTA material I did not have to pay for the variance and
have the hearing (which would have cost $150, and I could have lost)

However, there are cheaper ways.  Hide your dish.  There is one manufacturer
that makes a dish look like a beach umbrella, complete with lawn chairs and a
table.  There is also a very ingenious system called "The Rock" which is a
fiberglass (Microwave transparent) boulder that can go right over a dish and
hide it.  One fellow we know of found out that his restrictive covenants DID
allow a homeowner to have one of those outbuildings (shed) where people keep
their lawnmowers, etc.  He built one of microwave transparent material, and
put his dish inside and no one is the wiser.  Such a system is actually
preferable, it protects the dish from wind and the elements.  (professional
radar systems use RADOMES for the same reason)

I know of people who have non permanent dishes.  Some roll the dish out at
night, point it at their favorite bird, and roll it back in the house or
garage before sunrise.  Another person I know lives in a community that does
not allow dishes, and he has two.  They are on wooden bases, and thus not
permanent.  He never removes them, and he tells me they track the arc quite
nicely.

Of course if you have NOT purchased your house yet, the best thing you can do
is to move into a community that is not so narrow minded.  Especially if you
get hooked and want MULTIPLE dishes (It CAN happen).

The company that makes the replica boulder dish cammo system is:

The Rock
c/o QUB-L Vision
Draw 609
Concord, CA  94520


While you will clearly win ZONING cases, Restrictive covenants are a
different matter.  There are ways to win, but it is not guaranteed, since
you sign a contract agreeing to the limitations of the covenant.  A good
lawyer equipped with the ASTA information CAN win such a case, but it is
not the simple issue that ZONING is.



I LIVE ON A WOODED LOT WITH LOTS OF TREES.  IS THIS A PROBLEM?

Not if you have a chain saw.  Trees in the way mean you don't get a
picture, at least in the summer time.  Trees have a tendency to block the
microwave signals.  If you are not sure of your situation, it is advisable
to have a "SITE SURVEY" done by a local dealer.  This should cost you no
more than about $25.  Usually you can find SOME place to put the dish to
see the satellites, and mounting on a pole or your roof may help the
situation.  I have a similar situation here, and my dish is 26 feet high, and
includes a massive steel reinforced wooden structure complete with a service
platform.  This helped me clear the tree line enough to actually get FOUR
international satellites.  Obtaining permission from the city to build this
structure was a bit of a hassle, but thanks to the material from ASTA, I was
able to convince them that under the Federal Pre-emption the city could not
deny the installation.  I now have perfect reception of the entire satellite
arc.



I CAN NOT GET rec.video.satellite BECAUSE MY SYSTEM IS NOT ON THE INTERNET
OR DOES NOT CARRY NEWSGROUPS.  IS THERE A WAY FOR ME TO RECEIVE THIS MATERIAL
VIA EMAIL?

Yes!

Just use the HOMESAT mailing list.  You can read the postings every day.
Makes no difference if you are on CI$, GENIE, MCIMAIL or AOL or any System
or BBS that allows netmail.

To suscribe to homesat you should send your message to

[e-mail]

with the text

SUBSCRIBE HOMESAT  <your name>

do not send the request to [e-mail] this is for sending
messages to the list only.

Send a message to [e-mail] with the text

HELP

to get a helpful info file about the working of the list.


I HAVE A QUESTION THAT WAS NOT ON THIS LIST.  HOW DO I GET AN ANSWER?

Ask Away.  You can post your question right on the net.  The only dumb
question is the one you don't ask.  We don't mind helping you get started.
Or send me a note:  [e-mail] and I will try and answer,
and include your question in future versions of this FAQ list.

If you are reading this FAQ in printed form, and do not have a way to write
us on the computer network, we will now answer your questions by postal mail.
However, due to severe financial limitations, we can only comply with your
request for information by mail if you:

   1.  Include a Stamped Self Addressed Envelope, placing enough postage
       to cover the material you are requesting.  (if you are asking a
       simple question, one stamp is enough, if requesting more detailed
       information, please place more postage on your envelope sufficient
       to cover return mailing cost)

   2.  Write on the back of your RETURN envelope a summary of what you are
       asking for EVEN if you send a letter.  We receive so much mail that
       letters and reply envelopes can get mixed up. (Do not write this on
       the envelope you are mailing to US in, but on the back of the
       envelope going back to you.  THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT.  We have
       a few envelopes here with no idea what is supposed to go in them.

   3.  Include a minimum $1 contribution to cover processing your request.
       We are a non profit corporation, and the wear and tear on equipment
       etc. is eating us alive.  Larger donations are TAX DEDUCTIBLE and
       will be used to cover expenses involved in information processing.
       Some multipage documents, like the SCROUNGER'S guide are quite heavy
       and come with a $3 surcharge for copying.

   4.  Send your question, SASE and Contribution to:

                   Satellite Answers
                   Great White North Inc.
                   429 Spring Street
                   Marquette, MI  49855

   5.  We can not process any mailings that do not comply with the above
       stipulations.

   6.  If you make your request by computer EMAIL, there is no charge.
       This mail offer is made only to those who do not have electronic
       access.  You will receive your REPLY by Email.  Do not send me your
       postal address in this case.

   7.  We can not send long EMAIL files to Prodigy, so if you are on
       that system, your only option is to use the mail method outlined
       above unless you are asking a very simple question.  Too often
       Prodigy rejects our replies because they go over the 6K Prodigy
       limit.


If you already have a satellite dish, we encourage you to listen to our
weekly call in show over the OMEGA RADIO NETWORK.  This Listener Supported
public service program is now in its third year.  Each week we discuss all
the latest TVRO news, and answer many technical questions from listeners.

Friday Night Live can be heard on G3/17 5.8 Wideband Audio EVERY Friday night
from 9PM to Midnight EASTERN TIME.

Send me EMAIL for a complete OMEGA RADIO SCHEDULE.

REFERENCE SECTION:


HANDY PHONE LIST TO HAVE AROUND DISH...

Ajak Industries(719)784-6301
California Amp [phone]
Channel Master [phone]
Chaparral      [phone]
EchoSphere/HTS [phone]
Fujitsu Genrl. [phone]
Gardiner       [phone]
General Inst   [phone]
Houston Trackr [phone]
JGS            [phone]
Norsat         [phone]
Panasonic      [phone]
ParabolicsEast [phone]
ProBrand       [phone]
Prosat         [phone]
Orbitron       [phone]
R.L.Drake      [phone]
SRS            [phone]
STS            [phone]
Tee-Comm       [phone]
Thomson/Saginaw(517)776-5111
Toshiba        (312/708)541-9400
Uniden         [phone]


Names and addresses of Equipment Suppliers

- New Satellite equipment (In alphabetical order) -

Bob Duckworth Consulting (Atlanta)
 404 874 5051
 KU system w/ BR1000 manual receiver for $400

EchoTrak
 305 344 6000
 located in Coral Spring, Fl
 from an ad in QST
 Northeast Satellite 201-728-3217 (NJ)
 Uniden receivers (Complete C band system for $979),
 "Top of the Line" w/ Uniden 4500, 6' dish for $1300

Hannah & Hansen - New Tech Sat., Inc.
 HQ: [phone]
 HQ: 3404 Juliet St.
 Pittsburgh, PA  15213
 KU-Band Systems

PRISMTECH, INC
 [phone]
 [phone] (Fax)
 3303 West Reservoir
 Peoria, IL 61615
 HST, Echostar, Uniden, Chaparral.
 Complete tracking 7.5' dish systems from $1099.

SKYVISION, Inc.
 1-800-543-3025
 1-218-739-5231
 Fergus Fall MN
 major dealer - eg, Orbitron 10' dishes for $349 or heavy
 duty for $439... LNBs, etc

Satellite Warehouse
 P.O. Box 85601, Tucson Az
 87574 - 5601
 800 851 6534 info at 602 623 5748
 Drake, Toshiba, LNBs, actuators, VCRS Modules ($400)
 "Large Inventory"

SATMAN, Inc.
 1-800-247-4391
 Peoria IL? (I don't think they are in Peoria, IL)

Universal Electronics - OH
 614 866 4605
 (heavy into SCPC)


Possible One shot ad (not sure) -
 VCII (not plus) modules, Uniden 4400 receivers...
 703 238 1951

- Used or New and Used Satellite equipment -

Satcom
(ask for that division) or leave number for callback
800 722 3158
714 957 3158

More Used Equipment
 "You name it, we have it"
 317 385 2305

Satellite TV Muncie, IN
 Uniden 4400s Tracker, Startrack...
 317 288 0074

"Matrix"
503 632 7187
misc sat receivers - actuators - programmable dish
controllers - teletext decoders - etc.
April 93 Nuts and Volts

"Used Satellite Equipment"
317 385 2305
Feb 93 Nuts & Volts

"Satellite Equipment Bought and Sold"
Megastar 702 386 2844
>From an ad in N&V

"New and Used Satellite Equipment"
Rt 1, Box 22, Marshall OK 73056
>From an ad in N&V

DBS Satellite,
Ventura Califorina (new & used equip)
800-327-4728
>From an ad in N&V

BEWARE! Cavet EMPTOR!
Please forward any additions, alterations,
corrections to [e-mail]; complete addresses and
other phone numbers are specially welcome.

Contributors to the equipment section:

Dr. Robert R. Wier <[e-mail]>
Netnews Server <[e-mail]>
Mike Gingell <[e-mail]>
Pravin Mishra <[e-mail]>

=End=

--
    /   Gary Bourgois, WB8EOH, The Birdwatcher: Marquette Michigan  USA   \
   ([-o  Radio Omega G3/17 5.8 -  FRIDAY NIGHT LIVE Weekly 9PM Eastern  o-])
    \  Now a snazzy new DOMAIN address!  [e-mail]      /
       GEnie: BIRDWATCHER   FAX: [phone]    GWN BBS: [phone]